{
 "title": "Capital gains tax rate by state, 2026",
 "publisher": "Goldstein & Co. (Hans Goldstein, Enrolled Agent)",
 "url": "https://goldsteinco.net/capital-gains-tax-by-state/",
 "published": "2026-10-22",
 "state_rates_read_on": "2026-10-18",
 "federal": {
  "ltcg_top_rate_pct": 20.0,
  "niit_pct": 3.8,
  "sources": [
   {
    "label": "IRS Rev. Proc. 2025-32 (2026 inflation adjustments)",
    "url": "https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/rp-25-32.pdf"
   },
   {
    "label": "IRC 1411 (net investment income tax)",
    "url": "https://www.irs.gov/individuals/net-investment-income-tax"
   }
  ]
 },
 "method": "combined_top_rate_pct = 20 + 3.8 + state top rate on long-term gain; no deduction for state tax paid; local taxes excluded",
 "rows": [
  {
   "state": "Alabama",
   "abbr": "AL",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 5,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 28.8,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "2% / 4% / 5%; 5% over $3,000 of taxable income (single). Alabama lets you deduct the federal income tax and 3.8% NIIT the sale causes, so the 5% applies to the gain net of them.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Alabama Dept. of Revenue, income tax rates",
     "url": "https://www.revenue.alabama.gov/faqs/what-is-alabamas-individual-income-tax-rate/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Alabama Form 40 booklet, Federal Income Tax Deduction Worksheet",
     "url": "https://www.revenue.alabama.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/25f40bk.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Alaska",
   "abbr": "AK",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 0,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 23.8,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "No individual income tax.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Tax Foundation, State Individual Income Tax Rates and Brackets",
     "url": "https://taxfoundation.org/data/all/state/state-income-tax-rates/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Arizona",
   "abbr": "AZ",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 2.5,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 26.3,
   "state_gain_break": "25% subtraction for assets acquired after 2011",
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "Flat 2.5% for 2026. A 25% subtraction of long-term gain on assets acquired after 2011 is NOT applied in the base case (acquisition date unknown); see footnote.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Arizona DOR, 2026 Form 140ES booklet",
     "url": "https://azdor.gov/sites/default/files/document/FORMS_INDIVIDUAL_2026_140ESBooklet.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "A.R.S. 43-1022(22)",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/ars/43/01022.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Arkansas",
   "abbr": "AR",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 3.7,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 27.5,
   "state_gain_break": "50% of net long-term gain taxed; gain over $10 million exempt",
   "combined_after_break_pct": 25.65,
   "state_rule_2026": "Top rate 3.7% for 2026 (SB 1, 2026 special session). Only 50% of net long-term gain is taxed; gain above $10 million is fully exempt.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Arkansas SB 1 fiscal impact statement (3.7% for 2026)",
     "url": "https://arkleg.state.ar.us/Home/FTPDocument?path=%2FAssembly%2F2025%2F2026S1%2FFiscal+Impacts%2FSB1-DFA1.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Arkansas DFA Form AR1000D",
     "url": "https://www.dfa.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025_AR1000D_CapitalGains.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "California",
   "abbr": "CA",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 13.3,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 37.1,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "1% to 12.3% (12.3% over $768,213 single, 2026 schedule X) plus the 1% Mental Health Services Tax on taxable income over $1 million.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Franchise Tax Board, 2026 tax rate schedules (Tax News, October 2026)",
     "url": "https://www.ftb.ca.gov/about-ftb/newsroom/tax-news/index.html"
    },
    {
     "label": "FTB, capital gains and losses",
     "url": "https://www.ftb.ca.gov/file/personal/income-types/capital-gains-and-losses.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Colorado",
   "abbr": "CO",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 4.4,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 28.2,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "Flat 4.4% for 2026.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Colorado DR 0104EP (2026)",
     "url": "https://tax.colorado.gov/sites/tax/files/documents/DR_0104EP_2026.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Connecticut",
   "abbr": "CT",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 6.99,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 30.79,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "2% to 6.99% (6.99% over $500,000 single). High earners also add back the 2% phase-out ($250) and the lower-bracket recapture ($3,400 at $540,000 of AGI), per the CT-1040ES 2026 tables.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Connecticut DRS, Form CT-1040ES (Rev. 01/26)",
     "url": "https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/drs/forms/2025/income/ct1040es-flat0126.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Delaware",
   "abbr": "DE",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 6.6,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 30.4,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "0% to 6.6%; 6.6% over $60,000 (2026).",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Delaware Division of Revenue, tax computation table (effective January 1, 2025, unchanged)",
     "url": "https://revenue.delaware.gov/employers-guide-withholding-regulations-employers-duties/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "District of Columbia",
   "abbr": "DC",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 10.75,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 34.55,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "4% to 10.75%; 10.75% over $1,000,000, same brackets for every filing status.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "DC Office of Tax and Revenue, individual income tax rates",
     "url": "https://otr.cfo.dc.gov/page/dc-individual-and-fiduciary-income-tax-rates"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Florida",
   "abbr": "FL",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 0,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 23.8,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "No personal income tax.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Florida Dept. of Revenue FAQ",
     "url": "https://floridarevenue.com/faq/Pages/FAQDetails.aspx?FAQID=1466"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Georgia",
   "abbr": "GA",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 4.99,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 28.79,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "Flat 4.99% from January 1, 2026 (HB 463, signed May 2026).",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Governor of Georgia, May 11, 2026 release (HB 463)",
     "url": "https://gov.georgia.gov/press-releases/2026-05-11/gov-kemp-signs-legislation-lowering-taxes-and-supporting-economic-growth"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Hawaii",
   "abbr": "HI",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 7.25,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 31.05,
   "state_gain_break": "Capped at 7.25% on long-term gain",
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "Long-term gain is capped at 7.25% (HRS 235-51(f)); the first slice taxed below 7.25% at graduated rates is not modeled (see footnote).",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Hawaii Revised Statutes 235-51",
     "url": "https://data.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol04_Ch0201-0257/HRS0235/HRS_0235-0051.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Idaho",
   "abbr": "ID",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 5.3,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 29.1,
   "state_gain_break": "60% deduction for Idaho real and tangible property only",
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "Flat 5.3% on taxable income above a small zero bracket ($4,811 single in 2025). The 60% deduction applies only to Idaho real and tangible property, not to goodwill, so it is not applied.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Idaho State Tax Commission, rate schedule",
     "url": "https://tax.idaho.gov/taxes/income-tax/individual-income/individual-income-tax-rate-schedule/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Idaho Code 63-3024",
     "url": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/title63/t63ch30/sect63-3024/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Illinois",
   "abbr": "IL",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 4.95,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 28.75,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "Flat 4.95% since July 1, 2017.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Illinois Dept. of Revenue, income tax rates",
     "url": "https://tax.illinois.gov/research/taxrates/income.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Indiana",
   "abbr": "IN",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 2.95,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 26.75,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "State rate 2.95% for 2026 (2.90% in 2027). County income tax is extra and is not included.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Indiana DOR, income tax rates",
     "url": "https://www.in.gov/dor/resources/tax-rates-and-reports/rates-fees-and-penalties/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Iowa",
   "abbr": "IA",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 3.8,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 27.6,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "Flat 3.8% for 2026 (SF 2442).",
   "checked": "Confirmed via search result (state site blocks automated fetches)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Iowa Dept. of Revenue, 2026 individual income tax rate (Oct. 21, 2025)",
     "url": "https://revenue.iowa.gov/press-release/2025-10-21/idr-announces-2026-individual-income-tax-and-interest-rates"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Kansas",
   "abbr": "KS",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 5.58,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 29.38,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "5.2% to $23,000, 5.58% above (single). SB 269 triggered no 2026 cut.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "K.S.A. 79-32,110",
     "url": "https://www.kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/statute/079_000_0000_chapter/079_032_0000_article/079_032_0110_section/079_032_0110_k/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Kansas DOR Notice 25-06",
     "url": "https://ksrevenue.gov/taxnotices/notice25-06.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Kentucky",
   "abbr": "KY",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 3.5,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 27.3,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "Flat 3.5% from January 1, 2026 (HB 1, 2025).",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Kentucky HB 1 (2025 RS), KRS 141.020",
     "url": "https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/acts/25RS/documents/0001.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Louisiana",
   "abbr": "LA",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 3,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 26.8,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "Flat 3% from 2025 (Act 11 of 2024 special session).",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Louisiana Dept. of Revenue RIB 25-012",
     "url": "https://dam.ldr.la.gov/lawspolicies/RIB-25-012-Louisiana-Individual-Income-Tax-Reform-1.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Maine",
   "abbr": "ME",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 9.15,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 32.95,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "5.8% / 6.75% / 7.15% (7.15% over $64,850 single) plus a new 2% surcharge on Maine taxable income over $1,000,000 (single) from 2026.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Maine Revenue Services, 2026 tax rate schedules",
     "url": "https://www.maine.gov/revenue/sites/maine.gov.revenue/files/2026-05/ind_tax_rate_sched_2026_rev.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Maryland",
   "abbr": "MD",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 8.5,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 32.3,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "State brackets to 6.5% (over $1,000,000 single) plus a 2% tax on net capital gain when federal AGI is over $350,000. County income tax (2.25% to 3.30%) is extra and is not included.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Maryland Comptroller, 2026 withholding information",
     "url": "https://www.marylandcomptroller.gov/content/dam/mdcomp/md/state-payroll/memos/2026/2026-maryland-state-and-local-withholding-information.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Maryland Comptroller, 2025 session tax alert",
     "url": "https://www.marylandcomptroller.gov/content/dam/mdcomp/tax/legal-publications/alerts/tax-alert-changes-to-standard-and-itemized-deductions-and-to-state-and-local-income-tax-rates-from-the-2025-legislative-session.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Massachusetts",
   "abbr": "MA",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 9,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 32.8,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "5% on long-term gain plus the 4% surtax on taxable income over $1,107,750 (2026).",
   "checked": "Confirmed via search result (state site blocks automated fetches)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Massachusetts DOR, 4% surtax on taxable income",
     "url": "https://www.mass.gov/info-details/massachusetts-4-surtax-on-taxable-income"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Michigan",
   "abbr": "MI",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 4.25,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 28.05,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "Flat 4.25% for 2026 (revenue trigger not met).",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Michigan Treasury notice, April 15, 2026",
     "url": "https://www.michigan.gov/treasury/reference/taxpayer-notices/2026/04/15/425-income-tax-rate-for-individuals-and-fiduciaries-in-2026-tax-year"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "abbr": "MN",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 10.85,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 34.65,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "5.35% to 9.85% (9.85% over $203,150 single, 2026) plus a 1% tax on net investment income over $1,000,000.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Minnesota DOR, 2026 income tax brackets",
     "url": "https://www.revenue.state.mn.us/minnesota-income-tax-rates-and-brackets"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minnesota DOR, net investment income tax",
     "url": "https://www.revenue.state.mn.us/net-investment-income-tax-niit"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Mississippi",
   "abbr": "MS",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 4,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 27.8,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "0% on the first $10,000, 4% above for 2026 (4.4% in 2025). The exclusion for gain on shares of Mississippi-domiciled corporations is for stock sales, not applied to this asset sale.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Mississippi DOR, general information (tax rates)",
     "url": "https://www.dor.ms.gov/general-information"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Missouri",
   "abbr": "MO",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 0,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 23.8,
   "state_gain_break": "100% of capital gain subtracted",
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "100% of federally reported capital gains are subtracted from Missouri income from tax year 2025 (RSMo 143.121). Ordinary-income recapture would still be taxed.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Missouri DOR, capital gains subtraction FAQ",
     "url": "https://dor.mo.gov/faq/taxation/individual/capital-gains-subtraction.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Montana",
   "abbr": "MT",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 4.1,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 27.9,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "Long-term gain: 3.0% on the first $47,500, 4.1% above (single), MCA 15-30-2103. Ordinary income is 4.7% / 5.65% for 2026.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Montana Code Annotated 15-30-2103",
     "url": "https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0150/chapter_0300/part_0210/section_0030/0150-0300-0210-0030.html"
    },
    {
     "label": "Montana DOR, HB 337 rates",
     "url": "https://revenue.mt.gov/news/recent-news/HB-337"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Nebraska",
   "abbr": "NE",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 4.55,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 28.35,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "2.46% / 3.51% / 4.55%; 4.55% over $24,760 (single, 2026), 3.99% from 2027.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Nebraska Form 1040N-ES (2026 voucher)",
     "url": "https://revenue.nebraska.gov/sites/default/files/doc/tax-forms/2025/f_1040N-ES.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Neb. Rev. Stat. 77-2715.03",
     "url": "https://www.nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=77-2715.03"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Nevada",
   "abbr": "NV",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 0,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 23.8,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "No personal income tax.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Tax Foundation, State Individual Income Tax Rates and Brackets",
     "url": "https://taxfoundation.org/data/all/state/state-income-tax-rates/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "New Hampshire",
   "abbr": "NH",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 0,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 23.8,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "No tax on wages or capital gains; the Interest and Dividends Tax ended for periods beginning after December 31, 2024.",
   "checked": "Confirmed via search result (state site blocks automated fetches)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "New Hampshire DRA, Interest and Dividends Tax repeal",
     "url": "https://www.revenue.nh.gov/news-and-media/repeal-nh-interest-and-dividends-tax-now-effect"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "abbr": "NJ",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 10.75,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 34.55,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "1.4% to 10.75%; 10.75% over $1,000,000 (single). Rate schedule unchanged since 2020.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "New Jersey Division of Taxation, tax rate schedules",
     "url": "https://www.nj.gov/treasury/taxation/pdf/current/njtaxratesch.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "New Mexico",
   "abbr": "NM",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 5.9,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 29.7,
   "state_gain_break": "40% deduction on a New Mexico business sale (up to $1,000,000 of gain)",
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "1.5% to 5.9%. For the sale of a New Mexico business, 40% of up to $1,000,000 of net capital gain is deducted (NMSA 7-2-34); other sales get only the greater of $2,500.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "New Mexico TRD, 2025 PIT adjustments instructions",
     "url": "https://realfile.tax.newmexico.gov/2025pit-adj-ins.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "New Mexico HB 252 (2024), rates from 2025",
     "url": "https://www.nmlegis.gov/Sessions/24%20Regular/final/HB0252.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "New York",
   "abbr": "NY",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 10.9,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 34.7,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "Worksheet tax with benefit recapture: a $1M gain is taxed at a flat 6.85%, $1,077,550 to $5M at 9.65%, $5M to $25M at 10.3%, over $25M at 10.9%. New York City tax (up to 3.876%) is extra and is not included.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "NY Tax Dept., Form IT-2105-I (2026), tax computation worksheets",
     "url": "https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/current_forms/it/it2105i.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "abbr": "NC",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 3.99,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 27.79,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "Flat 3.99% for 2026 (4.25% in 2025).",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "North Carolina DOR, tax rate schedules",
     "url": "https://www.ncdor.gov/taxes-forms/individual-income-tax/tax-rate-schedules"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "North Dakota",
   "abbr": "ND",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 2.5,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 26.3,
   "state_gain_break": "40% exclusion",
   "combined_after_break_pct": 25.3,
   "state_rule_2026": "0% / 1.95% / 2.5% after excluding 40% of net long-term capital gain allocated to North Dakota (NDCC 57-38-30.3(2)(d)).",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "North Dakota Century Code 57-38-30.3",
     "url": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t57c38.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "North Dakota Form ND-1ES (2026)",
     "url": "https://www.tax.nd.gov/sites/www/files/documents/forms/software-developer/individual-income-forms/28709-form-nd-1es-2026%20final.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Ohio",
   "abbr": "OH",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 3,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 26.8,
   "state_gain_break": "First $250,000 of business gain deducted",
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "Business-sale gain is business income: the first $250,000 is deducted, the rest taxed at a flat 3% (ORC 5747.02(A)(4)). Non-business gain is 2.75% over $26,050.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Ohio Revised Code 5747.02",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-5747.02"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Oklahoma",
   "abbr": "OK",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 4.5,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 28.3,
   "state_gain_break": "100% deduction for sale of an Oklahoma business meeting the ownership tests",
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "4.5% for 2026. Gain on the sale of all or substantially all assets of an Oklahoma business (owned 2+ years, headquartered in Oklahoma 3+ years) is 100% deductible (68 O.S. 2358, Form 561), so the base case is $0; the 4.5% figure is shown as the alternative.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Oklahoma Tax Commission, Form 561 instructions (capital gain deduction)",
     "url": "https://www.metrolibrary.org/sites/default/files/2020-01/ok_tax_561.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Oklahoma HB 2764 (2025), rate",
     "url": "https://www.oklegislature.gov/cf_pdf/2025-26%20ENR/hB/HB2764%20ENR.PDF"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Oregon",
   "abbr": "OR",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 9.9,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 33.7,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "4.75% to 9.9%; 9.9% over $125,000 (single, 2026). Capital gain is ordinary income. Metro/Portland local taxes are extra and not included.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Oregon DOR, Publication OR-ESTIMATE 2026",
     "url": "https://www.oregon.gov/dor/forms/FormsPubs/publication-or-estimate_101-026_2026.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Pennsylvania",
   "abbr": "PA",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 3.07,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 26.87,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "Flat 3.07%. No capital gains break.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Pennsylvania DOR, personal income tax rates",
     "url": "https://www.pa.gov/agencies/revenue/resources/tax-rates/personal-income-tax-rates"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Rhode Island",
   "abbr": "RI",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 5.99,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 29.79,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "3.75% / 4.75% / 5.99%; 5.99% over $186,450 (2026). A surtax on income over $1M starts in 2027, so it does not apply here.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rhode Island Division of Taxation, Advisory 2025-22",
     "url": "https://tax.ri.gov/sites/g/files/xkgbur541/files/2025-11/ADV_2025_22_Inflation_Adjustments.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "South Carolina",
   "abbr": "SC",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 5.21,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 29.01,
   "state_gain_break": "44% deduction",
   "combined_after_break_pct": 26.72,
   "state_rule_2026": "1.99% under $30,000 of taxable income, 5.21% minus $966 above (H.4216, effective 2026), after the 44% deduction for net capital gain (SC Code 12-6-1150).",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SCDOR, information about H. 4216",
     "url": "https://dor.sc.gov/news/information-about-h-4216"
    },
    {
     "label": "SC Code 12-6-1150",
     "url": "https://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t12c006.php"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "South Dakota",
   "abbr": "SD",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 0,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 23.8,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "No personal income tax.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "South Dakota DOR, income tax",
     "url": "https://dor.sd.gov/individuals/taxes/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Tennessee",
   "abbr": "TN",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 0,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 23.8,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "No personal income tax (Hall tax repealed for tax years beginning 2021).",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Tennessee Dept. of Revenue, Hall Income Tax repeal",
     "url": "https://revenue.support.tn.gov/hc/en-us/articles/360057828631-HIT-3-Hall-Income-Tax-Repealed-Beginning-January-1-2021"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Texas",
   "abbr": "TX",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 0,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 23.8,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "No personal income tax; the constitution bars one and, since November 2025, a capital gains tax.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Texas Constitution Art. 8, Sec. 24-a and 24-b",
     "url": "https://tcss.legis.texas.gov/resources/CN/pdf/CN.8.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Utah",
   "abbr": "UT",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 4.45,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 28.25,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "Flat 4.45% for 2026 (SB 60, 2026 session).",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Utah SB 60 (2026 General Session), enrolled",
     "url": "https://le.utah.gov/Session/2026/bills/enrolled/SB0060.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Vermont",
   "abbr": "VT",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 8.75,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 32.55,
   "state_gain_break": "40% exclusion on assets held over 3 years (cap $350,000 of exclusion)",
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "3.35% to 8.75%. Vermont excludes 40% of gain on assets held over three years, capped at $350,000 of exclusion; whether goodwill of a business qualifies is not spelled out (see footnote). Brackets are the 2025 schedule: 2026 is not published.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Vermont Dept. of Taxes, 2025 IN-111 instructions",
     "url": "https://tax.vermont.gov/sites/tax/files/documents/IN-111-Instr-2025.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Vermont Dept. of Taxes, 2025 IN-153 instructions",
     "url": "https://tax.vermont.gov/sites/tax/files/documents/IN-153-Instr-2025.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Virginia",
   "abbr": "VA",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 5.75,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 29.55,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "2% / 3% / 5% / 5.75%; 5.75% over $17,000.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Code of Virginia 58.1-320",
     "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title58.1/chapter3/section58.1-320/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Virginia Tax, rates",
     "url": "https://www.tax.virginia.gov/registration-nonresident-property-owners"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Washington",
   "abbr": "WA",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 9.9,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 33.7,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "7% on Washington capital gains after the standard deduction ($278,000 for 2025; 2026 not yet published), plus 2.9% on the part above $1,000,000 (RCW 82.87.040). Washington has no tax on wages.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "RCW 82.87.040",
     "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=82.87.040"
    },
    {
     "label": "Washington DOR, capital gains tax amounts",
     "url": "https://dor.wa.gov/taxes-rates/other-taxes/capital-gains-tax/do-you-owe-capital-gains-tax"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "West Virginia",
   "abbr": "WV",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 4.58,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 28.38,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "2.11% to 4.58%; 4.58% over $60,000 (SB 392, retroactive to January 1, 2026).",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "West Virginia Tax Dept., income tax reduction bill",
     "url": "https://tax.wv.gov/Individuals/Pages/PersonalIncomeTaxReductionBill.aspx"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Wisconsin",
   "abbr": "WI",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 7.65,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 31.45,
   "state_gain_break": "30% exclusion",
   "combined_after_break_pct": 29.15,
   "state_rule_2026": "3.5% to 7.65% (7.65% over $332,720 single, 2026) after excluding 30% of net capital gain on assets held over one year.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Wisconsin DOR, 2026 Form 1-ES instructions",
     "url": "https://www.revenue.wi.gov/TaxForms2026/2026-Form1-ES-Inst.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Wisconsin Schedule WD instructions",
     "url": "https://www.revenue.wi.gov/TaxForms2025/2025-ScheduleWD-Inst.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "state": "Wyoming",
   "abbr": "WY",
   "state_top_rate_pct": 0,
   "combined_top_rate_pct": 23.8,
   "state_gain_break": null,
   "combined_after_break_pct": null,
   "state_rule_2026": "No personal income tax.",
   "checked": "Read on the state source",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Wyoming Legislature memo (no state income tax)",
     "url": "https://wyoleg.gov/InterimCommittee/2022/03-2022042711-01LRWMemo.pdf"
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}